Bereshit Rabbah 2:1 (Vilna numbering)
“The earth was emptiness and disorder, and darkness was upon the face of the depths, and the spirit of God hovered over the surface of the water” (Genesis 1:2). “The earth was emptiness and disorder [tohu vavohu]” – Rabbi Berekhya began: “Even a boy is recognized through his deeds” (Proverbs 20:11) – Rabbi Berekhya said: While the plant was still immature, it produced thorns. This is what the prophet would one day prophesy in its regard: “I have seen the land, and behold, it is emptiness and disorder” (Jeremiah 4:23).
The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022 · sefaria-midrash-rabbah
Bereshit Rabbah 2:1 (Vilna numbering) · cc-by-sa
The opening of the section, and it settles in one move what the whole rabbinic side of this crux will do with the pair: it reads it through Jeremiah. R. Berekhya begins from Prov 20:11, 'even a boy is known by his deeds' — while the plant was still unripe it put out thorns — and lands on Jer 4:23, 'I have seen the land, and behold, it is tohu va-vohu.' The prophet used the phrase of a land under judgement; so the phrase in Gen 1:2 can be read as a verdict rather than a description, and the four readings that follow in 2:2–2:5 all take that licence. Nothing on the Latin bench cites Jer 4:23 at all.