Every witness touched by a cites, echoes, or transmits edge — 227 of the edition's 292, laid out by date and banded by bench — with the 206 edges themselves drawn on hover. This is the introduction's second finding as a picture: what was handed on, and where each line stops.
14 of those 206 edges cross a bench — all of them between the Latin and the Greek-Jewish. Not one — 0 of 14 — runs to or from the rabbinic bench. Every time this edition can show one side actually reading the other's words, the other side is Greek. Where the rabbinic bench meets the rest, on this map, it doesn't: that contact is all parallel, off this page by design, and is what the ten findings are made of instead.
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greek jewish · c. 250 BCE · Alexandria
ἐν ἀρχῇ
In the beginning God made the heaven and the earth.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · heaven and earth · out of nothing? · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
greek jewish · c. 250 BCE · Alexandria
πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος
But the earth was unsightly and unfurnished, and darkness was over the deep, and the Spirit of God moved over the water.
English: Brenton 1851
greek jewish · c. 250 BCE · Alexandria
διεχώρισεν ἀνὰ μέσον
And God saw the light, that it was beautiful. And God separated between the light and between the darkness.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
greek jewish · c. 250 BCE · Alexandria
ἡμέρα μία
And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
greek jewish · floruit 30–45 · Alexandria
πρῶτον οὖν ὁ ποιῶν ἐποίησεν οὐρανὸν ἀσώματον καὶ γῆν ἀόρατον
First, then, the Maker made an incorporeal heaven, and an invisible earth, and the idea of air and of void; of which the one he named darkness, since air is black by …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
greek jewish · floruit 30–45 · Alexandria
οὐ μόνον ἐχώρισε φῶς καὶ σκότος, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅρους ἐν μέσοις ἔθετο διαστήμασιν
After the kindling of the intelligible light, which came to be before the sun, the adversary darkness withdrew, God walling them off from one another and setting them …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
read this witness → · va-yavdel / divisit · Yom echad / dies unus
greek jewish · floruit 30–45 · Alexandria
καὶ ἡμέραν οὐχὶ πρώτην, ἀλλὰ μίαν, ἣ λέλεκται διὰ τὴν τοῦ νοητοῦ κόσμου μόνωσιν
But when light had come to be, and darkness had given way and withdrawn, and borders had been set fast in the intervals between them, evening and morning, then …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 238–244 · Caesarea Maritima
Non ergo hic temporale aliquod principium dicit, sed in principio, id est in Salvatore
'In the beginning God made heaven and earth.' What is the beginning of all things but our Lord and 'Saviour of all' Jesus Christ, 'the firstborn of every creature'? In …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · tohu va-vohu
latin · 300–400 · Cordoba (?)
negant hoc coelum ab initio factum, sed secundo die
But it is to be understood what heaven, or what earth, Scripture is speaking of. Those who are content with a hasty understanding think that this heaven which we see …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 300–400 · Cordoba (?)
Initium minime temporarium dici
That the beginning spoken of is not in any way temporal. For there was no time at all before the furnishing of the world, and the alternations of day and night, by which …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 300–400 · Cordoba (?)
eandemque sapientiam diuinam esse uniuersitatis primordium
There is nevertheless one beginning of all things, concerning which Solomon says in the Proverbs: 'God created me the path of his progression, leaning upon which he …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
greek · 370–380 · Caesarea in Cappadocia
Ferunt enim, quod angelis dixerit: Faciamus hominem
And God said, let us make a human. Where are the Jews now, who in what follows — where the light of the Godhead shines as if through certain caverns, and a second person …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
greek · 370–380 · Caesarea in Cappadocia
venerabilis Trinitatis expletor
And the Spirit of God, it says, was borne over the water. If by 'spirit' he means the diffusion of this air of ours, understand that the writer is enumerating for you …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 370–380 · Caesarea in Cappadocia
dixit primo vesperam
Now indeed, after the creation of the sun, day is the name for air lit by the sun, when it stays in the hemisphere that is above the earth; and night is called the …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · c. 387 · Milan
de materia, quam vocant hylen
Have men taken up so much opinion that some of them set up three principles of all things — God, and the exemplar, and matter — and asserted that these are incorruptible …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
Praeclare etiam unum non primum diem dixit
Some ask why Scripture recorded evening first and morning afterward, lest it should seem to put night before day. They fail to notice, first, that it put the day first …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
tamquam testis divini operis ausus est dicere
Finally it was not in the persuasion of human wisdom, nor in the counterfeit disputations of philosophy, but in the showing of the Spirit and of power, as a witness of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
vel ipsum esse initium universorum
Whence holy Moses, foreseeing by the divine Spirit that these errors of men would come, and had perhaps already begun, speaks thus at the opening of his discourse: 'In …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
cognoscerent principium esse mundi
'In the beginning,' he says. What a good order — that he should assert first the very thing they are accustomed to deny, and that they might know the world has a …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
dum opus videtur, praefertur operator
This world, then, is a specimen of the divine working; because while the work is seen, the worker is put forward. For as of these arts of ours some are active, which …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
In his enim quatuor illa elementa creata sunt
In the beginning of time, then, God made heaven and earth. For time is from this world, not before the world; and a day is a portion of time, not its beginning. And …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
nihil interest quid prius exprimas, cum simul utrumque sit factum
For David said: 'In the beginning you founded the earth, Lord, and the heavens are the works of your hands. They shall perish, but you remain, and all shall grow old as …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
Quid est, Erat
'But the earth was invisible and unordered' (Gen 1:2). A good craftsman lays the foundation first; afterwards, the foundation laid, he distinguishes the parts of the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
Syrus … sic habet: Et Spiritus Dei fovebat aquas
…especially since there follows: 'And the Spirit of God was borne above the waters.' Some take this as the air, others as the breath we draw and take in, the breath of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · c. 387 · Milan
nihil videatur intra se habere confusum
And he distinguished between the light and the darkness; and God saw the light, that it was good (Gen 1:4). He spoke, and no one heard the sound of a voice; he …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 387 · Milan
Cui dicit? Non sibi utique, quia non dicit, faciam, sed faciamus
Let us make, he says, a human to our image and to our likeness (Gen 1:26). Who says this? Is it not God, who made you? What is God? Flesh, or spirit? Not flesh, surely …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 388–389 · Thagaste
reliqui dies computantur a mane usque in mane
Here too the Manichees carp, supposing it was said as though the day began from evening. They do not understand that the whole of that working — by which the light was …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 389 · Thagaste
non in principio temporis, sed in Christo
As to what is written, 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth', they ask, in what beginning; and they say: If God made heaven and earth in some beginning of time …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 388–389 · Thagaste
Quomodo fecit Deus in principio coelum et terram, si jam et terra erat invisibilis?
What follows in the book of Genesis, 'But the earth was invisible and unordered', the Manichaeans find fault with in this way, saying: How did God make heaven and earth …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 388–389 · Thagaste
non per spatia locorum … sed per potentiam invisibilis sublimitatis suae
As for what is written, 'And the Spirit of God was borne above the water,' the Manichees are in the habit of carping at it thus: 'So the water was the dwelling of the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 388–389 · Thagaste
cum considerant fabros et quoslibet opifices non posse aliquid fabricare, nisi habuerint unde fabricent
And therefore God is most rightly believed to have made all things out of nothing: because even if all formed things were made out of that matter, that matter itself was …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 388–389 · Thagaste
coeli et terrae nomine universa creatura significata est
But as to what is said, 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth' — by the name of heaven and earth the whole creation is signified, which God made and founded. And …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 388–390 · Thagaste
tenebrae lucis absentia est
And God divided between the light and the darkness, and God called the light day, and the darkness he called night. It is not said here, God made the darkness; because …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 391 · Bethlehem
מְרַחֶפֶת
'And the Spirit of God was borne over the waters.' For what our copies have as 'was borne,' the Hebrew has MERAHEFET, which we may render 'was brooding' or 'was …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 392 · Bethlehem
בְּרֵאשִׁית
In the beginning God made heaven and earth. Very many suppose — as is written also in the Altercation of Jason and Papiscus, and as Tertullian argues in his book against …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 392 · Bethlehem
In principio
In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · heaven and earth · out of nothing? · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · c. 392 · Bethlehem
Spiritus Dei ferebatur super aquas
But the earth was empty and void, and darkness [was] upon the face of the deep, and the Spirit of God was borne over the waters.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 392 · Bethlehem
divisit lucem a tenebris
And God saw the light, that it was good: and he divided the light from the darkness.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 392 · Bethlehem
dies unus
And he called the light Day, and the darkness Night. And there was made evening and morning, one day.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 393 · Hippo Regius
a qua pluralitate Spiritum sanctum separare quis audeat?
But that sense is rather to be chosen in these divine words, that we should understand it as said not in the singular but in the plural — let us make a human to our …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · c. 393 · Hippo Regius
Est enim Principium sine principio, et est Principium cum alio principio
This, then, that is written, 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth', may be asked about: whether it is to be taken only according to history, or whether it also …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 393 · Hippo Regius
sicut superfertur voluntas artificis ligno
'And the Spirit of God was borne above the water.' He was not borne above it as oil is above water, or water above earth, that is, as though he were contained; but, if …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 393 · Hippo Regius
quae enim societas lucis cum tenebris
And God divided between the light and the darkness. From this it may be understood with how great an ease of divine working these things are said to have been effected …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 393 · Hippo Regius
quaedam et facit Deus, et ordinat; quaedam vero tantum ordinat
Whether, then, this sentence would have us understand the ethereal light, or the sensitive light in which animals share, or the rational light which angels and men have …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 397–401 · Hippo Regius
In hoc Principio, Deus, fecisti coelum et terram
In this Beginning, God, you made heaven and earth: in your Word, in your Son, in your Strength, in your Wisdom, in your Truth, speaking in a wondrous way and in a …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 397–401 · Hippo Regius
cur non informem quoque illam materiem … a Deo factam esse de nihilo
Hence if Genesis has passed over in silence something that God made — which nevertheless neither sound faith nor sure understanding doubts that God made — no sober …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 397–401 · Hippo Regius
unum prope te, alterum prope nihil
And whence had it any being at all, unless it were from you, from whom are all things in whatever measure they are? Yet the further from you the more unlike — and not by …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 400 · Hippo Regius
Aliud sibi tollit qui dicit
Again, as regards the understanding of the words that follow, out of all those true meanings one man takes this for himself when he says: 'But the earth was invisible …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 397–401 · Hippo Regius
Ecce Trinitas Deus meus, Pater et Filius et Spiritus sanctus
Behold, the Trinity appears to me in a riddle, which you are, my God; since you, Father, in the Beginning of our wisdom — which is your Wisdom, born of you, equal to you …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 400 · Hippo Regius
Cur solus Spiritus sanctus superferebatur super aquas
Was not the Father, or the Son, borne above the waters too? If we mean by place, as a body is, then neither was the Holy Spirit; but if we mean the eminence of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · c. 400 · Caesarea in Cappadocia
Terra autem erat invisibilis et incomposita
'But the earth,' he says, 'was invisible and unordered.' How then, when both elements, that is heaven and earth, were built with equal honour, was heaven complete while …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 400 · Caesarea in Cappadocia
fovebat et vivificabat aquarum naturam, ad similitudinem gallinae cubantis
How, then, was this Spirit borne above the waters? I will tell you not my own account but that of a certain man, a Syrian by birth, who was as far from the wisdom of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
ideoque non dictus est primus, sed unus dies
Or is this day the name of the whole of time, and does it include all the volumes of the ages under this one word — and is that why it was called not 'first' but 'one …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
non ex indigentia, sed ex beneficentia veniens amor
Therefore, before it was written 'God said, Let there be light,' Scripture went before it, saying, 'And the Spirit of God was borne above the water.' For whether by the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
ad insinuandam pluralitatem personarum
This first we say briefly, that it is not to be taken as a matter of indifference that in the other works it is said, God said, let it be; but here, God said, let us …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
utrum in principio temporis; an quia primo omnium facta sint; an in principio, quod est Verbum Dei
If, then, that Scripture is to be searched in both ways, let us ask how it was said, apart from the allegorical signification, 'In the beginning God made heaven and …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
Utquid ergo factus est sol
Why then was the sun made 'to rule the day' (Ps 136:8), to shine over the earth, if that light was sufficient for making a day — the light that was itself called Day? Or …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
sicut ova foventur ab alitibus
But before all else let us remember, as we have already said at length, that God does not work by temporal motions, as it were of his mind or body, as a man or an angel …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
utrum spirituale quid, an corporale?
And what is that light itself which was made? Is it something spiritual, or something bodily? For if spiritual, it can itself be the first creature, already made perfect …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
prius universaliter … deinde per partes
And why is it said thus, 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth', and not said, 'In the beginning God said, Let heaven and earth be made; and heaven and earth were …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
idem dies ubique repetitur
And because the other creatures, which are made below it, are not made without its knowledge, therefore of course the same day is repeated throughout, so that by its …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Yom echad / dies unus · Yehi or / fiat lux
latin · 401–415 · Hippo Regius
illa velut matutina sive diurna cognitione, hac vero velut vespertina
Now then let us consider those things which God made all at once, from which, when they were completed on the sixth day, he rested on the seventh — intending afterward …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Yom echad / dies unus · out of nothing?
latin · 413–427 · Hippo Regius
inter sanctos Angelos et immundos fuisse discretum
Although, then, the obscurity of the divine speech is useful even for this, that it brings forth many opinions of the truth and produces them into the light of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 413–427 · Hippo Regius
ne utrumque appellaretur bonum
And this too is not to be passed over in silence, that where God said, Let there be light, and light was made, there was at once added, And God saw the light, that it …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 413–427 · Hippo Regius
ut Pater fecisse intelligatur in Filio
For when it is said thus, 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth', so that the Father is understood to have made in the Son — as the Psalm bears witness, where it …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 413–427 · Hippo Regius
nusquam interposuit vocabulum noctis
If, that is, we can understand the evening of this day and its morning with any fitness. For the knowledge of the creature, compared with the knowledge of the Creator …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 413–427 · Hippo Regius
Qualis intelligenda sit esse locutio, qua Deus Angelis loquitur
That too, when the human was made, could have been understood of the angels — what was said, let us make a human, since he did not say, I shall make: but because there …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · c. 620 · Seville
Terra scilicet carnis nostrae
'But the earth was empty and void.' The earth, that is, of our flesh was empty and void, before it received the form of doctrine. 'And darkness was upon the face of the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 620 · Seville
super cor nostrum tenebrosum et fluidum, quasi super aquas
'And the Spirit of God was borne over the waters.' The Spirit of God was already being borne over our dark and fluid heart, as over waters: that standing in him we might …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 630 · Seville
Principium Christus est
'In the beginning God made heaven and earth.' The Beginning is Christ, as he himself answered in the Gospel to the Jews when they questioned him: 'I am the Beginning …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 630 · Seville
divisit justos a peccatoribus, tanquam a tenebris
And he divided the light from the darkness; for then God, according to the favour of his foreknowledge, divided the just — that is, the sons of God and of light — from …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 717–725 · Jarrow
in principio temporum … in Unigenito Filio suo
Divine Scripture, in intimating the creation of the world, aptly shows in its very first word the eternity and omnipotence of God the creator. For him whom it declares …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 720 · Jarrow
totius simul Trinitatis in creatione mundi virtutem
And rightly, having first declared that in the beginning, that is, in the Son, the Father made heaven and earth, he brought in mention of the Holy Spirit too by adding …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · 717–725 · Jarrow
vel de ipsis exordium naturae, vel sumpsere de nihilo
Only to this extent is that matter formless out of which Scripture testifies that the world was made, when it says in the praises of God: 'You who made the world out of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 720 · Jarrow
Ut quid enim haec de terra, praetermisso coelo, intulit?
'But the earth was empty and void, and darkness upon the face of the deep.' For why did he say these things of the earth, passing heaven by, unless because he wanted …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 720 · Jarrow
In eo enim quod dicitur Faciamus, una ostenditur trium personarum operatio
But when it is said, let us make a human to our image and likeness, the unity of the holy Trinity is openly commended. For indeed the same undivided Trinity had been …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 717–725 · Jarrow
primam materialis gratiam lucis donavit
It befits the works of God that he should begin the adorning of the world from light: he who, being himself the true light and dwelling in light inaccessible, in the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 717–725 · Jarrow
quibus in locis facta sit lux
But if it is asked in what places, at God's bidding, the light was made, since the abyss still covered the whole breadth of the earth — it is quite plain that that first …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 703–725 · Jarrow
non solum qualitatis, sed et locorum distantia
And he divided the light and the darkness. For he divided them not only by a difference of quality, but of places: namely by spreading the light over the upper part of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 720 · Jarrow
dies expletus est unus, viginti scilicet et quatuor horarum
'And there was evening and morning, one day.' There was evening, the light setting little by little after the space of a day's length was spent, and passing beneath the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Aachen
secundum sensum magis quam secundum verbi translationem, de Christo accipi potest
D. Whence did Genesis take this name? — M. For the Seventy Translators, Symmachus and Theodotion rendered 'in the beginning', and in the Hebrew it is written Bresith …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Luxeuil
Non enim faber facit lignum, sed de ligno aliquid facit
And therefore God is most rightly believed to have made all things out of nothing: because even if all formed things were made out of that matter, that matter itself was …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Tours
in principio sibi coaeterno
M[aster]. Let us say that in a Beginning coeternal with himself God made heaven and earth — in the only-begotten Son, who is the Wisdom of the Father, of whom the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Aachen
HIERONYMUS. … in Hebraeo habetur merephet
Disciple: Explain how the Spirit of God was borne over the waters. — JEROME. Master: For what our copies have as 'was borne,' the Hebrew has merephet, which we may …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Aachen
Cur inanis et vacua?
D. 'But the earth was empty and void' (Gen 1:2). Why empty and void? M. That is, because it was not divided off from the sea; void, he says, because it was not …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Tours
D. … M. Ad insinuandum pluralitatem personarum
D. This first we say briefly, that it is not to be taken as a matter of indifference that in the other works it is said, God said, let it be; but here, God said, let us …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · c. 790 · Tours
sicut est essentia lucis, ita essentia tenebrarum
AUGUSTINE. D[isciple]. And he divided the light from the darkness. Scripture says he divided the light from the darkness: for everything that is divided can also be. As …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 790 · Aachen
ipsa creaturae cognitio in semetipsa vespera erat, in Deo autem mane
Disciple: 'And there was evening and morning, one day.' How is this to be understood? — Master: What is evening but the perfecting of each several work, and morning the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 796 · Tours
Quae creaturae de nihilo factae sunt?
Question 19. In how many ways is the divine working? — Answer. Four. First, that in the dispensation of the Word of God all things are eternal. Second, that in formless …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 796 · Tours
non quia jam hoc erat, sed quia jam hoc esse poterat
Question 28. What is signified by the name of heaven and earth, when it is said, 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth' (Gen 1:1)? — Answer. That formless matter …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 796 · Tours
Non pervagatione, sed potestate
Question 29. What is 'The Spirit of the Lord was borne over the waters'? — Answer: Not by wandering over them, but by power and a ruler's command, to form and quicken …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 796 · Tours
Invisibilis propter obscuritatem; incomposita propter deformitatem
Question 30. What is: 'But the earth was invisible and unordered' (ibid., from the Septuagint version)? — Answer. Invisible because of darkness; unordered because of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 796 · Tours
finis operis perfecti, et initium operis incoepti
Question 33. Why is the light read as created on the first day? — Answer: It suits the works of God that on the first day a temporal light should first be made from the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Yom echad / dies unus · Yehi or / fiat lux
latin · c. 800 · Tours
In Filio perfecit Deus coelum et terram
Question 26. What is: 'In the beginning God created heaven and earth'? — Answer. In the Son God completed [ms.: made] heaven and earth.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 800 · Tours
a luce aeterna lux temporalis
Question 33. Why is light read to have been created on the first day? — Answer. It befits the works of God that on the first day a temporal light should first be made …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 800 · Tours
in ea bonitate placuit ut maneret, in qua placuit ut fieret
Question 35. What is: God saw that it was good? — Answer. That is: what he made pleased him to remain in that goodness in which it pleased him to be made.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 822 · Fulda
in similitudinem videlicet fabri, cujus voluntas … solet superferri
'And the Spirit of God was borne over the waters.' It is not to be supposed childishly that the creator Spirit, of whom it is written 'The Spirit of the Lord has filled …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 819–822 · Fulda
Tempus enim ab hoc mundo, non ante mundum
In the beginning of time, therefore, God made heaven and earth. For time is from this world, not before the world; and a day is a portion of time, not its beginning. But …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · heaven and earth
latin · 819–822 · Fulda
CAPUT II. Ubi lux primum fieri jubetur
It befits the works of God that he should begin the adorning of the world from light, since he himself is the true light and dwells in light inaccessible (1 Tim 6:16) …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 822 · Fulda
viginti scilicet et quatuor horarum
'And there was evening and morning, one day.' There was evening, that is, the light setting little by little after the space of a day's length was spent, and passing …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 820–830 · Fulda
non solum qualitatis, sed et locorum distantia
And he divided the light and the darkness. For he divided them not only by a difference of quality, but of places: namely by spreading the light over the upper part of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 845 · Luxeuil
Unde Bresith Hebraice, Latine non immerito Genesis interpretatur
It is worth asking why this volume is called Genesis in particular, since many things are recorded in it which are known not to pertain to generation — unless it be that …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 845 · Luxeuil
nomine lucis angelica dignitas figuratur
As for his saying 'let there be light', it is said on account of the swiftness of the divine power. For if the luminaries which supply light are described as made on the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 850 · Luxeuil
prius universaliter nomine coeli et terrae comprehendendum erat
But it is asked why it is said thus: 'In the beginning God made heaven and earth', and not said: 'In the beginning God said, Let heaven and earth be made', as it is told …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 850 · Luxeuil
Ista propterea dicunt, quia attendunt fabrum, et non Deum
For God founded formless matter out of nothing, and out of it created all things, according to what is written in the book of Wisdom: 'For your hand, Lord, was not …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 850 · Luxeuil
Unde bene alia translatio dicit: Incumbebat, seu confovebat
But he was borne not by place but by power, ruling and sustaining that formless matter, as the will of a craftsman is borne above the things to be made. Hence another …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 850 · Luxeuil
Unde alia translatio dicit: Invisa et incomposita
There follows, verse 2: 'But the earth was empty and void.' Since he said above, 'God created heaven and earth', why is it said, 'But the earth was empty and void'? — …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 850 · Luxeuil
distinctio facta est inter lucem et tenebras, non tenebrae factae
But when he says, and he divided the light from the darkness, he shows that a distinction was made between light and darkness, not that darkness was made; as we say we …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 850 · Luxeuil
propter unitatem angelicae dignitatis
Verse 5. 'And there was evening and morning, one day.' It must be asked why 'evening and morning' is said, when the sun was not yet in the firmament, by whose setting …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 890 · Auxerre
Deus enim Pater principium est, sed non de principio
Allegorically, in what is said, In the beginning God made heaven and earth, by the name of 'beginning' we may not inappropriately understand the Son of God, as he …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 890 · Auxerre
quasi quodam concilio dicit: Faciamus
Verse 26. Let us make a human to our image and likeness. Whereas he made the rest by commanding, God — as though about to make the greatest thing, and one to be …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · c. 890 · Auxerre
utrumque autem fecit Deus et lucem et tenebras
And he divided the light from the darkness. Darkness (tenebrae) is so called from holding (tenendo), because it holds the eyes so that they may not see. But God made …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 890 · Auxerre
filii Seth separati sunt ab impia generatione Cain
He divided the light from the darkness on this day: because in this age the sons of God, that is, the sons of Seth, were separated from the impious generation of Cain …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 900 · Auxerre
In principio, et subauditur: temporis
At the beginning of this volume the philosophers are refuted, who tried to argue about the creation of the world: Plato, for instance, who said there were three …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 900 · Auxerre
illud empyreum, id est igneum, vel intellectuale coelum
'For he created heaven and earth.' By 'heaven' we ought not to understand this visible firmament, but that empyrean — that is, fiery, or intellectual — heaven, which is …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 900 · Auxerre
Sicut mens vel sapientia alicujus artificis superfertur operi
'The Spirit of God was borne over the waters.' As the mind or wisdom of some craftsman is borne above the work he is going to make, so that he may make it as he wills …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 900 · Auxerre
Inutilis, infructuosa et incomposita
Verse 2. 'But the earth was empty and void.' That is, useless, unfruitful, and unordered. For all the elements were mingled and confused, and this whole space of air …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 900 · Auxerre
qualis esse solet vel ante solis ortum, vel post ejus occubitum
'Let there be light.' Light (lux) is so called from cleansing (luendo), that is, from purging away the darkness. But that light was not of the kind that now is, with the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 900 · Auxerre
Per mane initium fidei: per vesperam vero perfectio bonae operationis
Verse 5. 'There was evening and morning, one day.' By morning is understood the beginning of faith; by evening, the perfection of good work. The morning of this day is …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1078–1100 · Segni
Nunquid ad angelos? Absit!
It is God, then, who speaks. Was it to the angels? God forbid! For man was not created by angels; otherwise there would be not one but many creators, whereas God alone …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1079–1123 · Segni
In principio creaturarum omnium
'In the beginning,' he says, and before every creature, God created heaven and earth. For this the Psalmist too testifies, saying: 'And you, God, in the beginning …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · heaven and earth
latin · c. 1100 · Segni
ut bonus artifex … jam tunc facere disponebat
But the Spirit of God was borne over the waters, because, like a good craftsman, he was even then arranging to make this so manifold variety of creatures that we see. So …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1100 · Segni
absque liberis erat Ecclesia
Still, however, the earth was empty and void, still unfruitful, and the Church was without children — she whom the prophet also, comforting her for her barrenness and …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1100 · Segni
primus et secundus relativa sunt
There follows: 'And there was evening and morning, one day.' Some understand evening and morning as night and day. For since it enumerates all the days in order with the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1114 · Liège
melioratur ovum in eo quod calore volucris animatur et pullum producit
For next follows the forming or adorning of that same creature, and it receives from the attention of the Spirit of God as great a bettering and as great a supplying of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · 1112–1117 · Liège
vitium est in superfluitate dictionis
Since the creation itself is the beginning of the world, why was it said thus: 'In the beginning he created'? For it is the same as if it were said: In the beginning he …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1112–1117 · Liège
Quaenam est ista lux?
But what is this very thing that he said, 'Let there be light'? What kind of light is that? For it seems to some that the light then made was nothing other than an …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1112–1117 · Liège
ubique tria consonant testimonii verba
Because these are the works of the creating Trinity, holy Scripture rightly triples its testimony everywhere. For there are three sayings, or rather one and the same …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1112–1117 · Liège
terribile Dei judicium super diabolum
It is to be noted first of all that it is said: God saw the light, that it was good. (For none is good but one, God — Matt 19:17.) Further, whoever is called good …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
« In principio. » Filio
Verse 1. 'In the beginning he created,' etc. He does not say: In the beginning God says, Let heaven and earth be made. But he said, 'Let there be light, and light was …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · heaven and earth
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Ipsa autem terra et aqua informis dicuntur materia
(Bede, in the place cited.) 'There was darkness,' etc. Those are not to be listened to who say by way of reproach that God created darkness before light: for he made no …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Et Spiritus Domini ferebatur super aquas
« And the Spirit of the Lord was borne over the waters. » [var: Vulg. Gen. 1:2 *Spiritus Dei*, "the Spirit of God"] [n: (AUG., lib. I de Gen. ad lit., c. 5, tom. III.)] …
English: Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · tohu va-vohu · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Terra autem erat inanis
Verse 2. « But the earth was empty, » etc. [n: (BEDE, Hexaemeron, vol. II.)] He shows which heaven, and of what kind, was made in the beginning together with the earth …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Insinuatur pluralitas personarum Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus sancti
Verse 26. 'Let us make a human.' (AUG., ibid., c. 19.) A plurality of persons is intimated — of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit — and at once the unity of …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Lux primo die facta spiritualis vel corporalis intelligitur
Verse 3. 'And God said: Let there be light.' (AUGUSTINE, on Genesis to the letter, book I, ch. 17, vol. III.) The light made on the first day is understood as spiritual …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Lucem et tenebras fecit Deus
VERSE 4. 'And God saw the light,' etc. (STRABO.) God made both the light and the darkness, whence Daniel 3: 'Bless the Lord, light and darkness,' since every creature is …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
non nox, sed vespera facta memoratur
Verse 5. […] 'And there was evening,' etc. (GREGORY, Moralia VIII.6.) By no means in this life is sin so forsaken through the exercise of justice that one may remain in …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · compilation 1110–1130 · Laon
Ad angelos dixisse intelligitur
Verse 7. 'Come, therefore', etc. He is understood to have said it to the angels; or according to that: 'let us make a human to our image and likeness.' For it is added …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 1110–1130 · Regensburg
Moyses propheta Filium principium, Joannes autem Patrem principium
And it is to be noted that Moses the prophet records the Son as the beginning, and all things created in him; but John the apostle proclaims the Father as the beginning …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1110–1130 · Regensburg
hanc corporalem lucem de elemento ignis protulit
And God said: Let there be light. When 'he said' is written of God, it is said after our manner, and the efficacy of the one commanding is expressed. But for God to …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · The Paraclete (Nogent-sur-Seine)
Coeli et terrae nomine hoc loco quatuor elementa comprehendi arbitror
By the name of heaven and earth I judge the four elements to be taken in here, out of which, as out of a material first beginning, all other bodies are agreed to be …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · The Paraclete (Nogent-sur-Seine)
creari proprie id dicitur, quod de non esse ita ad esse producitur, ut praejacentem non habeat materiam
And it is well said of the elements 'created' rather than 'formed', because that is properly said to be created which is so brought forth from non-being to being that it …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · The Paraclete (Nogent-sur-Seine)
Hebraicum habet, volitabat super faciem aquarum
'And the Spirit of the Lord was borne over the waters.' The Hebrew has 'was fluttering over the face of the waters.' One translation has 'was warming the waters,' …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · The Paraclete (Nogent-sur-Seine)
Diem unum hic vocat totam illorum operum Dei consummationem
'And there was evening and morning, one day.' He here calls 'one day' the whole completion of those works of God — held first in his mind, and afterward completed in the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · Regensburg
duodecim horas super terram, et duodecim sub terra
And God saw the light, that it was good. That is, he gave the rational creature to understand how good are all the things it discerns by the light. And he divided the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · Paris
cum ipse ad angelos ita loquatur, quorum ministerio forsitan formatum est corpus hominis
Let us make a human to our image and likeness. First he said: in the beginning God created heaven and earth. Then he said: let there be light; here, thirdly, he adds …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 1125–1135 · Paris
quasi quaedam lucida nubes circumferebatur, sicut modo sol
But fire, once distinguished, furnished light of some kind to the lower world, and had a circular motion: it was carried round like a kind of luminous cloud, as the sun …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1130 · Paris
Spiritum Dei vocat ejus intentionem
'And the Spirit of God was borne over the waters.' He calls 'the Spirit of God' his intention, who like a craftsman presided over the work to be formed; 'the waters' he …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1133 · The Paraclete (Nogent-sur-Seine)
Eloim creavit, non creaverunt
It is to be noted that in this very opening of Genesis the prophet carefully expressed the foundation of our faith concerning the unity of God and the Trinity. For when …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1133 · The Paraclete (Nogent-sur-Seine)
Sed cur pluraliter dicitur: faciamus hominem ad imaginem nostram, si nulla prorsus pluralitas in Deo sit
The excellence of this creation he plainly intimates, when, speaking as though out of a kind of counsel, he says: let us make. But why is it said in the plural — let us …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
in principio temporis, vel potius cum ipso tempore
For that that first matter of all things arose in the beginning of time, or rather with time itself, is clear from what was said: 'In the beginning God created heaven …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
non solum ex materia fecit, sed materiam omnium ipse de nihilo creavit
'In the beginning God created heaven and earth' (Gen 1:1). What was created was made out of nothing. For what was made out of something was indeed made, but was not …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
sive, ut alia translatio habet, incomposita
'But the earth was empty and void' (Gen 1) — or, as another translation has it, « unordered » — 'and darkness was upon the face of the deep' (ibid.). For by 'heaven and …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
ipsamque vice et loco solis factam
…for the lighting of bodily and visible things, nothing but a bodily light could have been suitable. And every body, however fine and however near it comes to a …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
divisit per judicium; et per meritum nominavit
And as it seems to me, at precisely the same moment of time at which the light was visibly and bodily divided from the darkness, invisibly also the good angels were …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
per lucem ergo probavit lucem
CHAPTER XIII. Why Scripture says: 'God saw the light.' But perhaps it occurs to someone: how did God see the light, that it was good, and divide the light from the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1134 · Paris
omnis aurora praecedentis diei est
And therefore, because the first day had no dawn preceding it — since before the light was created there was full darkness, and as soon as the light appeared over the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1130–1137 · Paris
materia divinarum Scripturarum omnium sunt opera restaurationis
CHAPTER II. What is the matter of the divine Scriptures. The matter of all the divine Scriptures is the works of human restoration. For there are two works in which is …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1140 · Regensburg
vel aquas fovebat, id est cuncta de aquis procreanda animabat
'And the Spirit of the Lord was borne over the waters,' or 'was warming the waters,' that is, was giving life to all that was to be brought forth from the waters. And …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Ruach merahefet · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · c. 1140 · Regensburg
non primus, sed unus dies dicitur, quia idem semper repetitur
'And there was evening and morning, one day.' Evening is the end of the day; morning, however, is the end of the night: which two joined together make twenty-four hours …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1169–1173 · Paris
iterandum est in principio
But Moses prophesied God alone to be eternal, and the world created without pre-existing matter. And it was created in the beginning, that is, in the Son; and 'in the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
read this witness → · Bereshit / in principio · Elohim / Deus … Spiritus
latin · c. 1170 · Paris
id est continens et contentum
'World' is said in four ways: sometimes the empyrean heaven is called world, on account of its cleanness; sometimes the sensible world, which is called by the Greeks pan …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1169–1175 · Paris
Cum vero dixit Moyses, creavit trium errores elidit
But when Moses said 'created', he struck down the errors of three men: Plato, Aristotle, and Epicurus. Plato said that three things were from eternity, namely God, the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1170 · Paris
machina mundialis adhuc erat inutilis
'But the earth was empty and void' (Gen 1) — that is, the world-machine was still useless, and unfruitful, and void of its adornment. 'And darkness was upon the face of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1169–1173 · Paris
quamdam nubem lucidam
And God said: Let there be light. And light was made (Gen 1) — that is, he begot the Word in whom it was that light should be made; that is, as easily as if someone were …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1170 · Paris
umbram ex objectione corporum luci
And God saw the light, that it was good — that is, which had pleased him in his presence, or in his foreknowledge, that it should be made; it pleased him in its being …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1170 · Paris
completus est dies unus naturalis
'And there was evening, and after that there was morning.' And so one natural day was completed. For first, with heaven and earth, light was created; and as it set …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1170 · Paris
Hebraeus habet pro super ferebatur, incubabat, vel Syra lingua, fovebat, sicut avis ova
The Hebrew has, for 'was borne above,' 'was brooding,' or in the Syriac tongue 'was warming,' as a bird her eggs. In this, too, the whole beginning of the world being …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · c. 1170 · Paris
historia fundamentum est
It belongs to imperial majesty to have three chambers in the palace: the hall of audience or council, in which it decrees laws; the dining-hall, in which it distributes …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
latin · 1322–1332 · Paris
sicut voluntas artificis super materiam quam formare et ornare intendit
And the spirit etc. the waters, that is, over that heap and commixture of the elements spoken of above; and it is called by the name of waters because, as has been said …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
latin · c. 1429 · Burgos
expositionis litteralis auctoritatem, quam nostri doctores primo invenerunt, Ra. Sa. hebreo attribuit
On the same first chapter, where it says in the Postilla: 'Here it is asked why on the second day it is not said, And God saw that it was good, etc.' Addition 3. In this …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
rabbinic · c. 150 · Palestine
וְאַפְרֵשׁ
And the LORD saw the light, that it was good; and the LORD set apart between the light and between the darkness.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
rabbinic · c. 200 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
וְרוּחָא מִן קֳדָם יְיָ מְנַשְּׁבָא
And the earth was waste and empty, and darkness was spread over the face of the deep, and a wind from before the LORD was blowing over the face of the waters.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
rabbinic · 100–300 · Palestine
יוֹמָא חָד
And the LORD called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And there was evening and there was morning, one day.
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
rabbinic · redaction 200–220 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
וְלֹא בְמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית בִּשְׁנַיִם
One does not expound the forbidden sexual relations before three, nor the work of creation before two, nor the Chariot before one — unless he was wise and understood of …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
אָמוֹן — אֻמָּן
Rabbi Hoshaya the Great began: “I was with Him as an amon, a delight day after day…” (Proverbs 8:30) – amon means a child’s caretaker, amon means covered, amon means …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
לָמָּה נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם בְּבֵי"ת
Rabbi Yona said in the name of Rabbi Levi: Why was the world created with the letter beit? It is because just as the beit is closed on all [three of] its sides but open …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ
Rabbi Yishmael asked Rabbi Akiva, saying to him: ‘Because you studied under Naḥum of Gam Zo for twenty-two years, [who taught:] The words akh and rak are restrictive …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
כְּקַדֵּרָה וְכִסּוּיָהּ
Beit Shammai and Beit Hillel, Beit Shammai say: The heavens were created first and the earth was created thereafter. Beit Hillel says: The earth was created first and …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
כֹּחַ מַעֲשָׂיו הִגִּיד לְעַמּוֹ
Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin began in the name of Rabbi Levi: “The power of His deeds He told to His people, to give them the inheritance of nations” (Psalms 111:6). What …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
שִׁשָּׁה דְבָרִים קָדְמוּ לִבְרִיאַת הָעוֹלָם
“In the beginning, God created” – six items preceded the creation of the world; some of them were [actually] created, and some of them God contemplated creating, [though …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
תֵּאָלַמְנָה שִׂפְתֵי שָׁקֶר
Rav Huna began in the name of bar Kapara: “May they be silenced [te’alamna], those lying lips [that speak harsh words against the righteous one with arrogance and …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
מִנַּיִן הֵן
The way of the world is that when a flesh-and-blood king builds his palace in [a location that had been] a place of sewers, a place of refuse, and a malodorous place …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרְאוּ אֱלֹהִים, אֵין כְּתִיב כָּאן
Rabbi Yitzḥak began: “The beginning of Your word is truth…” (Psalms 119:160) – Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Right from the beginning of the creation of the world [it can be seen …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
שֵׁשׁ לְשׁוֹנוֹת שֶׁל קְדִימָה
Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi said in the name of Rabbi Levi: A builder requires six items: Water, dirt, wood, stones, reeds, and iron. If you say that he is wealthy and does …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
גַּם בְּמַעֲלָלָיו יִתְנַכֶּר נָעַר
“The earth was emptiness and disorder, and darkness was upon the face of the depths, and the spirit of God hovered over the surface of the water” (Genesis 1:2). “The …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
תּוֹהָה וּבוֹהָה
Rabbi Abahu and Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon, Rabbi Abahu said: This is analogous to a king who purchased two slaves for himself, both of them with one bill of sale and with …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
פָּתַר קְרָיָא בַּדּוֹרוֹת
Rabbi Yehuda bar Simon interpreted the verses regarding the generations. “The earth was emptiness and disorder” – this is Adam the first man, who became oblivion and …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
וְרוּחַ אֱלֹהִים מְרַחֶפֶת
“And the spirit of God was hovering” – this is the spirit of the messianic king, as it says: “The spirit of the Lord will rest upon him” (Isaiah 11:2). By what merit …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
אֲבָל אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ בְּאֵיזֶה מֵהֶם חָפֵץ
Rabbi Abahu and Rabbi Ḥiyya the Great, Rabbi Abahu said: Right from the beginning of the creation of the world, the Holy One blessed be He foresaw the actions of the …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
מֵהֵיכָן נִבְרֵאת הָאוֹרָה
Rabbi Shimon ben Yehotzadak asked Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman, saying to him: ‘Since I have about you that you are a master of aggada, [I ask you:] from what was the light …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
גְּנָזוֹ לַצַּדִּיקִים לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא
It is taught: The light that was created during the six days of Creation cannot illuminate by day, because it would make the orb of the sun seem dim [by comparison], nor …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
וַיַּבְדֵּל הַבְדָּלָה מַמָּשׁ
Rabbi Ze’eira son of Rabbi Abahu preached in Caesarea: From where is it derived that someone does not recite a blessing on the candle [at havdala on Saturday night] …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
יוֹם אֶחָד
“It was evening” (Genesis 1:5) – these are the actions of the wicked. “And it was morning” (Genesis 1:5) – these are the actions of the righteous. “[It was evening and …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
בֵּין מַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל צַדִּיקִים לְמַעֲשֵׂיהֶן שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים
Rabbi Yanai said: Right from the beginning of the creation of the world, the Holy One blessed be He foresaw the actions of the righteous and the actions of the wicked …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם. בְּמִי נִמְלַךְ?
“And God said: Let us make Man” – with whom did He consult? Rabbi Yehoshua said in the name of Rabbi Levi: He consulted with the works of the heavens and the earth. This …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
רִבּוֹן הָעוֹלָם מָה אַתָּה נוֹתֵן פִּתְחוֹן פֶּה לַמִּינִים
Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥman said in the name of Rabbi Yonatan: When Moses was writing the Torah, and was writing what was made on each day, when he reached this verse: “And …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · compilation 400–500 · Galilee (Tiberias / Sepphoris)
שָׁאֲלוּ הַמִּינִים אֶת רַבִּי שִׂמְלַאי: כַּמָּה אֱלֹהוּת בָּרְאוּ אֶת הָעוֹלָם?
The heretics once asked Rabbi Samlai: ‘How many deities created the world?’ He said to them: ‘Let you and I inquire into the early days.’ That is what is written: “For …
English: The Sefaria Midrash Rabbah, 2022
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
אוֹר שֶׁבָּרָא הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בַּיּוֹם רִאשׁוֹן
And was light created on the first day? But it is written, (Genesis 1:17) "and God set them in the firmament of the heaven," and it is written, (Genesis 1:19) "and there …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
read this witness → · Yehi or / fiat lux · va-yavdel / divisit
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים שָׁמַיִם נִבְרְאוּ תְּחִלָּה
Our Rabbis have taught, The house of Shammai say, The heavens were created first, and afterwards the earth was created, as it is said, (Genesis 1:1) "In the beginning …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
מַאי שָׁמַיִם
What is heaven? R. Yose bar Chanina said, That there is water. It was taught in a Mishnah, fire and water. Teaching that the Holy One, blessed be He, brought them and …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
תֹּהוּ קַו יָרוֹק שֶׁמַּקִּיף אֶת כָּל הָעוֹלָם
It was taught in a Baraita, Chaos is a green line encompassing all the world, and from it darkness springs, as it is said, (Psalms 18:12) "He made darkness His hiding …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
כְּיוֹנָה שֶׁמְּרַחֶפֶת עַל בָּנֶיהָ וְאֵינָהּ נוֹגַעַת
Our rabbis taught: It once happened that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Ḥananya was standing on a step on the Temple Mount, and Ben Zoma saw him and did not rise before him. He said …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
אֱלֹהִים בָּרָא בְּרֵאשִׁית
For it was taught: [This is] the case of Ptolemy the King, who gathered seventy-two elders and entered them into seventy-two houses, and he did not reveal to them for …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
רְצוֹנְכֶם נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם בְּצַלְמֵנוּ
Rav Yehuda said, Rav said: at the hour when the Holy One, blessed be He, sought to create the human, he created one company of ministering angels. He said to them: is it …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
rabbinic · redaction 500–600 · Babylonia (Sura / Pumbedita)
כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁפָּקְרוּ הַמִּינִים תְּשׁוּבָתָן בְּצִידָּן
Rabbi Yoḥanan said: everywhere the minim blasphemed, their refutation is beside them. 'Let us make a human in our image' (Gen 1:26) — and it says, 'and God created the …
Draft English (Claude), awaiting Wilson
rabbinic · 400–800 · Palestine
וְאַפְרֵישׁ
And the Lord beheld the light, that it was good; and the Lord divided between the light and the darkness.
English: J. W. Etheridge, 1862
rabbinic · 600–800 · Palestine
יוֹמָא חָד
And the LORD called the light Day, and made it that the inhabitants of the world might labour in it; and the darkness he called Night, and made it that in it the …
English: fresh draft (Claude), approved by Wilson Pruitt
rabbinic · 750–850 · Palestine
מֵאוֹר לְבוּשׁוֹ
Whence were the heavens created? From the light of the garment with which He was robed. He took (of this light) and stretched it like a garment and (the heavens) began …
English: Gerald Friedlander, 1916
rabbinic · 1075–1105 · Troyes
בְּרֵאשִׁית
בראשית IN THE BEGINNING — Rabbi Isaac said: The Torah which is the Law book of Israel should have commenced with the verse (Exodus 12:2) “This month shall be unto you …
English: Rosenbaum–Silbermann 1929–34
rabbinic · 1080–1105 · Troyes
בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא
בראשית ברא IN THE BEGINNING GOD CREATED — This verse calls aloud for explanation in the manner that our Rabbis explained it: God created the world for the sake of the …
English: Rosenbaum–Silbermann 1929–34
rabbinic · 1075–1105 · Troyes
עַנְוְתָנוּתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָּבָּ"ה לָמַדְנוּ מִכָּאן
נעשה אדם WE WILL MAKE MAN — The meekness of the Holy One, blessed be He, they (the Rabbis) learned from here: because the man is in the likeness of the angels and they …
English: M. Rosenbaum and A. M. Silbermann, 1929–34
rabbinic · 1075–1105 · Troyes
וּתְשׁוּבַת הַמִּינִים כָּתַב בְּצִדּוֹ, וַיִּבְרָא אֶת הָאָדָם, וְלֹא כָתַב וַיִּבְרְאוּ
נעשה אדם WE WILL MAKE MAN — Although they did not assist Him in forming him (the man) and although this use of the plural may give the heretics an occasion to rebel (i …
English: M. Rosenbaum and A. M. Silbermann, 1929–34
rabbinic · 1080–1105 · Troyes
תֹּהוּ לְשׁוֹן תֵּמַהּ וְשִׁמָּמוֹן
תהו ובהו DESOLATE AND VOID — The word תהו signifies astonishment and amazement, for a person would have been astonished and amazed at its emptiness. תהו is estordison in …
English: Rosenbaum–Silbermann 1929–34
rabbinic · 1080–1105 · Troyes
כְּיוֹנָה הַמְרַחֶפֶת עַל הַקֵּן
ורוח אלהים מרחפת AND THE SPIRIT OF GOD WAS HOVERING — The throne of Divine Glory was standing in space, hovering over the face of the waters by the breath of the mouth …
English: Rosenbaum–Silbermann 1929–34
rabbinic · 1080–1105 · Troyes
וַיַּרְא … וַיַּבְדֵּל
וירא אלהים את האור כי טוב ויבדל AND GOD SAW THE LIGHT THAT IT WAS GOOD, AND GOD CAUSED A DIVISION — Here, also, we must depend upon the statement of the Agada: He saw …
English: Rosenbaum–Silbermann 1929–34
read this witness → · Yehi or / fiat lux · va-yavdel / divisit
rabbinic · 1080–1105 · Troyes
יוֹם אֶחָד
יום אחד THE FIRST DAY (literally, one day) — According to the regular mode of expression used in this chapter it should be written here “first day”, just as it is …
English: Rosenbaum–Silbermann 1929–34
rabbinic · c. 1155 · Lucca
בְּרֵאשִׁית — סָמוּךְ
Our sages have said that the [letter] bet was added, like the bet in barishonah (“in the beginning”) Bereshit 13:4, for you find “at the beginning (rishonah) they …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · c. 1155 · Lucca
עַל כֵּן יֹאמַר הַכָּתוּב בָּרָא, וְלֹא בָּרְאוּ
“E-lohim” – After we have found [the word] e-loah, we know that E-lohim is its plural form, and the root [of this] is in the nature of language. For every language has a …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · c. 1155 · Lucca
תֹהוּ
“Void” (tohu) – The Ga’on [Rav Sa’adiah] said that [this word] is from “deep” (tehom), but that is not possible, since the mem of tehom is a root letter, like the mem of …
English: Sefaria Community Translation
rabbinic · 1263–1270 · Girona
בְּרֵאשִׁית
IN THE BEGINNING. Rashi wrote: “If you wish to explain it [the word bereshith] in accordance with its plain meaning, explain it thus: at the beginning of the creation of …
English: Charles B. Chavel, 1971–76
rabbinic · 1263–1270 · Girona
אֱלֹהִים בַּעַל הַכֹּחוֹת כֻּלָּם
AND ‘ELOKIM’ (G-D) SAID. The word Elokim means “the Master of all forces,” for the root of the word is e-il, meaning force, and the word Elokim is a composite consisting …
English: Charles B. Chavel, 1971–76
rabbinic · 1263–1270 · Girona
וְהָאָרֶץ תִּכְלֹל אַרְבַּע הַיְּסוֹדוֹת
And the earth, includes all the four elements, [not merely the land] as in the verse, And the heaven and the earth were finished, which includes the entire lower sphere …
English: Charles B. Chavel, 1971–76
rabbinic · 1263–1270 · Girona
מֵאֲפִיסָה מֻחְלֶטֶת
Now listen to the correct and clear explanation of the verse in its simplicity. The Holy One, blessed be He, created all things from absolute non-existence. Now we have …
English: Charles B. Chavel, 1971–76
rabbinic · 1263–1270 · Girona
תֹּהוּ … בֹּהוּ
This substance, which the Greeks called hyly, is called in the sacred language tohu, the word being derived from the expression of the Sages: “betohei (when the wicked …
English: Charles B. Chavel, 1971–76
rabbinic · 1263–1270 · Girona
אֲנִי וְהָאָרֶץ הַנִּזְכֶּרֶת נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם
The correct explanation of na’aseh (let us make) [which is in the plural form when it should have been in the singular] is as follows: It has been shown to you that G-d …
English: Charles B. Chavel, 1971–76